Snails+R+Us+R

Bush Bush Bush Wood Wood Wood

1 Black Green Orange Red Yellow

5 2 1 9 3 2 Black Green Orange Red Yellow

4 5 4 4 3 3 Black Green Orange Red Yellow

7 1 1 2 9 4 Black Green Orange Red Yellow

7 1 2 2 8 5 Black Green Orange Red

4 6 9 1 6 Black Orange Red Yellow

6 1 6 7

__Bush __
 * Analysis of data **
 * Actual frequency || Black || Green || Orange || Red || Yellow || Totals ||
 * Pop1 || 5 || 2 || 1 || 9 || 3 || 20 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pop2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">20 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pop3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">9 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">20 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Expected Frequency || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">16 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">8 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">15 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">15 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">60 ||
 * || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5.3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2.6 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5 ||  ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Green and orange are <range type="comment" id="376317210_1">lower than 3 </range id="376317210_1">so colours have to be merged. We decided to merge (green and yellow) and (orange and red) as those colours look similar in a population.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Bush-Merged __
 * || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Black || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Green/Yellow || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Orange/red || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Totals ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pop1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">10 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">20 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pop2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">8 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">8 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">20 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pop3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">10 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">20 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Expected Frequency || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">16 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">23 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">21 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">60 ||
 * || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5.3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7.6 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7 ||  ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(O-E) ₂ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">/E=5.025 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The<range type="comment" id="376317210_2"> P value is higher than the critical value so it is significant</range id="376317210_2">. We can accept the null hypothesis. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Frequency of polymorphism of snails //(Cepaea Nemoralis)// <range type="comment" id="376611704_1">will not be high in certain habitats, which suggests gene flow.</range id="376611704_1"> There will be no selection. Variation will not be down to gene flow and genetic drift. We can also say the difference in the P value is due to sampling error. __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Wood __
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Actual frequency || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Black || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Green || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Orange || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Red || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Yellow || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Totals ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pop1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">8 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">20 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pop2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">9 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">0 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">20 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pop3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">0 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">20 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Expected Frequency || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">13 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">12 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">9 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">15 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">60 ||
 * || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4.3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2.3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5 ||  ||

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Green is lower than 3 so colours have to be merged. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> We decided to merge (green and yellow) as those colours look similar in a population.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Wood-Merged __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">(O-E) ₂ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">/E=0.0753 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The P value is lower than the critical value so it is significant. We can accept the null hypothesis. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> <range type="comment" id="376611704_2">Frequency of polymorphism of snails //(Cepaea Nemoralis)// will not be high in certain habitat</range id="376611704_2">s, which suggests gene flow. There will be no selection. Variation will not be down to gene flow and genetic drift. We can also say the difference in the P value is due to sampling error.
 * || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Black || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Green/Yellow || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Orange || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Red || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Totals ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pop1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">9 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">20 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pop2 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">9 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">20 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pop3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">20 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Expected Frequency || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">13 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">22 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">12 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">9 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">60 ||
 * || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4.3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7.3 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3 ||  ||